C-RESPONSE OF GEOMAGNETIC DEPTH SOUNDING ON A 1D THIN SHELL MODEL     

LI Shi-wen  WENG Ai-hua  TANG Yu  ZHANG Yan-hui  LI Jian-ping  YANG Yue 《地震地质》2018,40(2):337-348

This paper tries to formulate the C-response of geomagnetic depth sounding(GDS)on an Earth model with finite electrical conductivity. The computation is performed in a spherical coordinate system. The Earth is divided into a series of thin spherical shells. The source is approximated by a single spherical harmonic P₁⁰ due to the spatial structure of electrical currents in the magnetosphere. The whole solution space is separated into inner and external parts by the Earth surface. Omitting displacement current, the magnetic field in the external space obeys Laplacian equation, while in the inner part, due to the finite conductivity, the electromagnetic fields obey Helmholtz equation. To connect the magnetic fields in the inner and external space, the continuity condition of magnetic fields is used on the Earth surface. The external magnetic fields are expressed by the inner and external source coefficients, from which a new parameter called C-response is computed from the inner coefficient divided by the external coefficient, thus normalizing the actual source strength. The inner magnetic fields in each layer can be recursively derived by the continuity boundary condition of both normal and tangential components of the magnetic field from the initial boundary condition at core-mantle-boundary. The consistency of our C-responses with that from a typical 1-D global model validates the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. Numerical results also show that the C-response estimated from the geomagnetic transfer function method will deviate exceeding 5%from the actual response at longer periods than about 10⁶s, which means that ignoring the curvature of the Earth at extreme long periods will make inversion result unreliable. Therefore, an accurate C-response should be computed in order to lay a solid foundation for reliable inversion.  相似文献   

Long‐term sediment yield from a small catchment in southern Brazil affected by land use and soil management changes          下载免费PDF全文

Jean P.G. Minella  Gustavo H. Merten  Claúdia A.P. Barros  Rafael Ramon  Alexandre Schlesner  Robin T. Clarke  Michele Moro  Leandro Dalbianco 《水文研究》2018,32(2):200-211

Sediments produced from eroding cultivated land can cause on‐site and off‐site effects that cause considerable economic and social impacts. Despite the importance of soil conservation practices (SCP) for the control of soil erosion and improvements in soil hydrological functions, limited information is available regarding the effects of SCP on sediment yield (SY) at the catchment scale. This study aimed to investigate the long‐term relationships between SY and land use, soil management, and rainfall in a small catchment. To determine the effects of anthropogenic and climatic factors on SY, rainfall, streamflow, and suspended sediment concentration were monitored at 10‐min intervals for 14 years (2002–2016), and the land use and soil management changes were surveyed annually. Using a statistical procedure to separate the SY effects of climate, land use, and soil management, we observed pronounced temporal effects of land use and soil management changes on SY. During the first 2 years (2002–2004), the land was predominantly cultivated with tobacco under a traditional tillage system (no cover crops and ploughed soil) using animal traction. In that period, the SY reached approximately 400 t·km^?2·year^?1. From 2005 to 2009, a soil conservation programme introduced conservation tillage and winter cover crops in the catchment area, which lowered the SY to 50 t·km^?2·year^?1. In the final period (2010–2016), the SCP were partially abandoned by farmers, and reforested areas increased, resulting in an SY of 150 t·km^?2·year^?1. This study also discusses the factors associated with the failure to continue using SCP, including structural support and farmer attitudes.  相似文献   

In situ measurements of wind‐driven salt fluxes through constructed channels in a coastal wetland ecosystem          下载免费PDF全文

Alex K. Manda  Enrique Reyes  James M. Pitt 《水文研究》2018,32(5):636-643

A suite of instruments was deployed in a coastal wetland ecosystem in the Albemarle estuarine system, North Carolina (USA), to characterize wind‐driven transport of saltwater through a constructed (man‐made) channel. Flow velocity, electrical conductivity, and stage were measured in a representative channel over a 2‐month period from May to July 2014, during which 4 wind tides were observed. Collected data show that thousands of metric tons of salt were advected through the channel into coastal wetlands during each event, which lasted up to 4 days. The results reveal that as much as 36% of advected salts accumulated in the wetlands, suggesting that the cumulative effects of these events on the health of coastal wetlands in the Albemarle system may be substantial due to the abundance of constructed channels and the frequency of wind‐driven tidal events. This study is the first to quantify wind‐driven salt fluxes through constructed channels in coastal wetland settings.  相似文献   

海上设施自动化系统软件认可流程与技术要求研究          下载免费PDF全文

张本伟  李文华 《海洋开发与管理》2018,35(3):62-66

随着计算机及通信技术的发展,海上设施自动化水平的不断提高,海上设施运营的安全可靠性越来越依赖于自动控制系统,尤其是软件部分。由于软件本身在设计和开发中可能存在的缺陷引起系统故障或失效,将给设施及利益方带来不可估量的损失。文章结合IEC61508系列标准、ISO9000—3标准,针对自动化系统软件有关要求和国际船级社协会及船级社等机构有关规范和标准的内容进行分析研究,系统地分析总结出海上设施软件的认可流程及对应技术要求,为我国海工装备设计制造业提供指导。  相似文献   

A SYSTEM OF CAPACITIVE HIGH-VOLTAGE PULSE RECHARGE/DISCHARGE AND ITS IMPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTALLY TRIGGERED EARTHQUAKE     

ZHANG Zhi-he  GUO Yan-shuang  CHEN Shun-yun 《地震地质》2018,40(6):1417-1426

An external small disturbance may trigger seismic events when the fault is in a critical state. The problems related with earthquakes triggered by the dynamic stress such as blasting loads, impact loads, volcanic eruptions and strong earthquakes, have usually drawn wide concerns in earthquake science, and the corresponding research contents are quite extensive, including earthquake triggering mechanisms, triggering earthquake uncertainty, aftershock triggering, and so on. Among them, experimental research is an important way to understand the stress triggering conditions and physical mechanisms, such as the influence of load disturbance on fault friction traits, the influence of periodic disturbance of tidal stress on fault instability, etc., all of which can be gained through experimental investigations. Among them, "how to trigger" is a basic scientific problem to increase the understanding of earthquake prediction theory, thus receiving more attention. There are also some studies that focus on "what happened after the trigger", that is, the sliding instability generated by the triggering method, and then the evolution characteristics of the sliding instability process. The well-known experimental study of the super-shear rupture process is conducted by using the electric explosion method to trigger the fault instability, and the high-speed camera records the super-shear rupture during the fault instability. This means that when the trigger source is controllable, it is possible to generate different types of instability processes, and then to explore which earthquakes will be triggered at different time and space positions under different stress states by means of active triggering. The study of stability analysis and instability process has important scientific significance.A stable system of capacitive high-voltage pulse discharge and recharge is one of basic techniques for studying the triggered earthquakes in laboratory. Based on the wire electric explosion method, this paper develops a controllable trigger experiment system. By designing a new capacitive high-voltage pulse charge and discharge system, while considering the actual needs of monitoring and system timing, multiple functions are integrated into one system. Functionally, in addition to realizing the dynamic loading and unloading function of the wire electric explosion method, the discharge process can be monitored, and the triggering, synchronization and timing signal output is performed with other observation systems, thus realizing the whole process monitoring of the dynamic disturbance action. After testing, the following functions are achieved:1)The voltage and current of the high-voltage charging power supply system can be automatically adjusted, and the system can be shut off after charging; 2)Control modes include manual and remote controls. These two modes can control the recharge, release and pulse discharge of the high voltage capacitor; 3)The system can produce multi-channel synchronous output, which satisfy multiple systems working together. In particular, the remote sensing method greatly improves the experimental maneuverability and security; 4)The system has multiple sets of gas discharge tube to trigger discharge, with a wide range of discharge voltage of 500~5 000V; 5)Roche coil resistance integral current detection can meet the transient resistance, large current detection. Test results indicate that this system has good repeatability and stability with the same discharge energy and discharge energy regulator, which is conducive to carry out single channel trigger of high-pressure discharge experiment. In short, the new charging and discharging system can meet the requirements of experimental study of triggering earthquake. In addition, this system can be used to generate the stress disturbance under certain static and dynamic conditions, and then judge whether this kind of mechanical conditions in active fault systems is currently stable.In short, a controllable single-shot discharge system is developed by a capacitive high-voltage pulse discharge system, which provides a good technical basis for experimental research on triggering earthquakes. In addition, the new system also has application significance:1)multiple triggering output can simultaneously start multiple systems and improve the efficiency of observation. Fault instability is a characteristic of transient response, so, its observation requires high-speed acquisition equipment, which is difficult to control on observation; the trigger system is controllable, with active synchronization observation using physical parameters; 2)stress disturbance can be triggered under static and dynamic loads to detect the safety and stability of the fault system with active trigger.  相似文献   

中国火山温泉气体地球化学特征及其在火山监测中的应用     

魏费翔  许建东  上官志冠  潘波 《震灾防御技术》2018,13(4):938-949

中国火山温泉主要分布在吉林长白山、云南腾冲和黑龙江五大连池等火山区。这些火山虽然处于休眠状态，但大面积的温泉分布指示着岩浆房存在的可能性。本文总结了前人研究成果，分析了中国主要火山区温泉气体地球化学特征，并探讨了温泉气体在火山监测中的应用。长白山、腾冲和五大连池火山区温泉气体地球化学性质类似，都以CO₂为主要气体，含量在80%以上，最高可达99%以上，其它气体组分包括CH₄、N₂、O₂、SO₂、H₂S、He和H₂等。长白山火山温泉气体中氦同位素比值（3He/4He）最高，约为4—6R_A，CO₂中碳同位素比值（δ13C）为-7.9‰—-1.3‰，CH₄中碳同位素为-48.0‰—-28.7‰；腾冲火山温泉气体氦同位素比值为3—5.5R_A，CO₂中的碳同位素为-6.49‰—-2.07‰，CH₄中碳同位素为-23.5‰—-9.3‰；五大连池火山温泉气体氦同位素比值约为3R_A，CO₂中的碳同位素比值为-9.6‰—-3.1‰，CH₄中碳同位素为-47.2‰—-44.4‰。3个火山区的温泉气体均显示地幔来源的岩浆气体特征，并在上升运移过程中受地壳或古俯冲物质的影响。  相似文献   

乡村空间重构的理论研究进展与理论框架构建     

金利霞  文志敏  范建红  杜志威 《热带地理》2020,40(5):765-774

在新时代城乡融合发展、乡村地域人地关系日益复杂的背景下，乡村空间重构成为乡村地理学研究的重要课题。西方“后生产主义”语境下，乡村空间研究开始出现消费转向、社会-文化转向和后现代转向，多功能、全球化乡村转型与空间重构研究成为西方乡村空间研究的热点；国内研究主要基于乡村地理学人地关系地域系统理论展开乡村空间重构过程—机理—调控研究以及微观视角下农户经济空间行为研究；当前，中国乡村空间重构呈现自上而下的政治经济学转型特征，具有中国特色的农村集体组织与政府、企业、个人等其他主体之间的空间-权力关系成为乡村空间重构的重要视角。政治经济地理学及“社会-空间”二元辩证法为乡村空间重构研究提供了很好的研究范式与研究方法，乡村空间重构研究应系统整合空间生产、主体能动性、土地资本化、社会关系网络、人地关系地域系统和农户地理等政治经济学、地理学理论，强化自然、经济、社会和文化等多要素相互作用及其空间响应机制研究，重点开展多要素多维度的乡村空间格局形成及演变规律研究、乡村社会空间再生产研究、能动性视角下乡村劳动力空间生产研究、政府政策制度与城乡空间治理体系创新研究。  相似文献   

乡村生产空间系统演化的逻辑认知及数理表达   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王成  龙卓奇 《地理科学》2020,40(4):535-543

乡村生产空间系统健康有序运行是实施乡村振兴、营建人与自然和谐共生的物质基础和载体,精准控制系统由低级有序向高级有序发展是关键。综合社会学、哲学、系统学和地理学等多学科理论,建构乡村生产空间系统演化的逻辑认知概念模型,对其演化的逻辑起点（人地关系）、逻辑顺序（时间、空间和流三维分析）以及流驱动机理进行质性研究,探寻乡村生产空间系统演化的内在本质;借鉴耗散结构理论和熵变理论,构建乡村生产空间系统演化熵变模型并作出相关释义,为研究人地关系系统演化提供思路,以丰富和拓展乡村地理学的理论。  相似文献   

汾河流域城乡聚落体系发展潜能测度及空间模式探究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

侯志华  刘敏  樊晓霞  贾宇平 《地理科学》2020,40(12):1978-1989

以11 188个自然聚落斑块为研究对象，基于场强模型，定量测度汾河流域城乡聚落体系发展潜能，借助GIS技术和地理探测器模型，分析其空间格局特征及驱动因素，进而探讨流域城乡融合发展空间模式。结果表明：① 城乡聚落斑块发展潜能差异显著，且空间分布极不均衡；纵向上中游流域高于下游流域高于上游流域，横向上河谷盆地区高于周边缓丘区高于两侧山丘区。② 聚落斑块发展潜能具有正向空间自相关性，高值斑块聚类显著；具有空间异质性特征且方向性明显，汾河主河道方向联动效应最强，空间联系最紧密；存在局域热点区，并呈现“主核–廊道–次核”的空间结构形态。③ 自然基础、社会经济发展水平和区位条件共同影响着城乡聚落体系发展潜质及空间结构形态；融合发展采取非均衡增长路径，市、县、镇、村全局考虑，构建“强化核心点–培育发展轴–扶持特色区–带动全流域”的逐层推进式空间发展模式。  相似文献   

基于多时相Landsat影像的中亚地区植被覆盖遥感监测          下载免费PDF全文

王华  杨乾鹏  田云杰  郭山川  唐鹏飞 《干旱区地理》2020,43(4):1023-1032

针对中亚地区的强生态脆弱性、高敏感性特征,有必要开展广域、长期的植被覆盖监测以匹配“绿色丝绸之路”的可持续发展目标。鉴于此,联合Landsat 5和Landsat 8卫星数据集,利用Google Earth Engine（GEE）地理空间数据云计算平台,估算了中亚地区1993—2018年间共12期的植被覆盖度。结果表明：（1）中亚地区植被覆盖总体水平较低,但也具有较为显著的空间异质性。（2）中亚地区1993—2018年间多数区域植被覆盖趋势较为稳定,哈萨克斯坦丘陵、费尔干纳盆地等区域植被覆盖度呈增加趋势,乌拉尔河流域和锡尔河流域等区域植被覆盖趋势为负。（3）植被覆盖度时序特征上,中亚地区1993—2018年间总体植被覆盖度累积增加3%,其中吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦植被覆盖分别增加3.96%和5.86%。（4）裸土区呈退缩趋势,面积总计减少25.9×10⁴ km²,低植被覆盖区、中植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区范围在呈现出的振荡式增加。研究结合遥感大数据和地理云计算对中亚地区进行区域尺度的植被覆盖动态监测,能对中亚地区生态评估和演替分析提供技术支持和定量数据。  相似文献